Formulation and antibacterial properties of lollipops containing of chitosan- zinc oxide nano particles on planktonic and biofilm forms of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

This study aimed to formulate and characterize the experimental lollipops containing chitosan- zinc oxide nanoparticles (CH-ZnO NPs) and investigate their antimicrobial effects against some cariogenic bacteria. The CH-ZnO NPs were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then, four groups were made, including lollipops coated with 2 and 4 ml of CH-ZnO NPs, 0.7 ml CH-ZnO NPs incorporated lollipops, and those with no CH-ZnO NPs. Their antibacterial effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was evaluated by direct contact test and tissue culture plate method in planktonic and biofilm phases, respectively. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse (CHX) was used as a positive control group. In the planktonic phase, the antibacterial properties of both groups coated with CH-ZnO NPs were comparable and significantly higher than incorporated ones. There was no significant difference between CHX and the lollipops coated with 4 ml of NPs against S. mutans and CHX and two coated groups against L. acidophilus. None of the experimental lollipops in the biofilm phase could reduce both bacteria counts. The experimental lollipops coated with 2 and 4 ml of CH-ZnO NPs could reveal favorable antimicrobial properties against two cariogenic bacteria in the planktonic phase.

Epidemiological features, antimicrobial resistance profile and clinical outcomes of healthcare-associated infections in Islamic Republic of Iran.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of mortality worldwide, especially in intensive care units where severely ill patients have limited physical space. Aims: To investigate the incidence, microbial aetiology, antimicrobial resistance profile, and mortality rate of healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This observational study retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1722 intensive care units patients with confirmed healthcare-associated infections at hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2017-2019. Data was analysed using SPSS for Windows version 11. Categorical variables were described using frequency and percentage, whereas continuous variables were defined using mean (standard deviation) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for precision. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR) with 95% CI, and to identify univariate and multivariate predictors of healthcare-associated infection mortality. Results: In total, 4077 pathogens were isolated, yielding a healthcare-associated infection incidence rate of 22.1%. The most common microorganisms were Acinetobacter spp. (25.0%), Klebsiella spp. (15.1%), Staphylococcus spp. (14.0%), and Candida spp. (12.3%). Ventilator-associated events (39.5%), urinary tract infections (22.7%), and bloodstream infections (14.8%) were the main types of infection. Comorbidities, skin and soft tissue infections, and infections with Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Candida spp. were significantly associated with higher mortality among intensive care unit patients. Gram-positive bacteria were most resistant to ciprofloxacin (49.2%), clindamycin (38.0%), and erythromycin (37.1%). Gram-negative bacteria were most resistant to ceftazidime (71.0%), ciprofloxacin (65.2%), and cefotaxime (60.5%). The overall mortality rate was 45.2%. Conclusion: Healthcare-associated infections in nearly half of intensive care unit patients were fatal, especially when caused by Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., or Candida spp. Therefore, effective strategies must be implemented to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria, along with stricter adherence to infection control programmes.

The interplay between non-coding RNAs and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in urinary tract cancers: from tumorigenesis to metastasis.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in various pathological conditions including tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in human cancers. Oncogenic or tumor suppressor ncRNAs exert prominent effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion in cancer cells through modulating various signaling pathways including Wnt/ß-catenin. Upregulation of the oncogenic Wnt/ß-catenin pathway was reported to be implicated in multiple human cancers including breast, liver, colorectal, and urothelial cancers. Therefore, identifying interactions between ncRNAs and canonical Wnt signaling components may represent novel therapeutic targets for better treatment and management of cancer. In this review, we summarized the recent findings about miRNA/lncRNA-dependent mechanisms that regulate Wnt/ß-catenin signaling involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis of urinary tract cancers.

Fish tank granuloma: An emerging skin disease in Iran mimicking Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

OBJECTIVE: Mycobacterium marinum causes a rare cutaneous disease known as fish tank granuloma (FTG). The disease manifestations resemble those associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). The aim of this study was to determine whether FTG was the cause of cutaneous lesions in patients who were referred to the Parasitology laboratory of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad to be investigated for CL. MATERIALS/METHODS: One hundered patients, clinically diagnosed with CL between April 2014 and March 2015, were included in this study. Ziehl-Neelsen staining was performed to identify acid-fast Mycobacterium in addition to bacterial cultures using Löwenstein-Jensen medium. Skin lesion samples were also collected and kept on DNA banking cards for PCR testing. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of the 100 individuals with skin lesions, and therefore suspected of suffering from CL, tested positive for Mycobacterium marinum by PCR. Of these, 21 (72.4%) were male and 8(27.6%) were female. In 97% of these cases the lesions were located on hands and fingers. These patients had a history of manipulating fish and had been in contact with aquarium water. A sporotrichoid appearance was observed in 58.6% of the patients with mycobacterial lesions; 67% of patients had multiple head appearance. CONCLUSION: Patients suspected to have CL and who test negative for CL could be affected by FTG. Therefore, after obtaining an accurate case history, molecular diagnosis is recommended for cases that give a negative result by conventional methods.